Female Sexual Expression Mary Joyce s The Odyssey

Sophie Johnson 7/28/16 8A: Teaching a Class Question: Can we call Joyce a feminist? / What is the role of female sexuality in Ulysses? Female Sexual Expression in Ulysses Joyce weaves the theme of sexuality throughout Ulysses, exploring the link between sex, the physical incarnation, and sexuality through numerous manifestations and characters. Joyce’s use of sexuality as a motif highlights the dichotomies of religion and sensuality, masculinity and femininity, and both challenges and undermines societal conventions. Although Ulysses resembles Homer’s The Odyssey both thematically and structurally, Joyce addresses contemporary issues in his, fairly unflattering at times albeit realistic, portrayal of the human condition. The erotic discourse is further used to call into question the apparent morality of several of the characters and their sexual and gender identities in contrast with the traditional gender roles. The two primary female consciousnesses to which we, as readers, are given access to are Gerty MacDowell in the â€Å"Nausicaa† episode, and Molly Bloom in the â€Å"Penelope† episode. These women do not whatsoever dominate the novel in any terms, and rather are vehicles for Joyce’s expression of the feminine voice, which at the time was so often subdued or denied by the patriarchy. The repression of the female sexuality can be seen plainly in the consciousness of both Gerty MacDowell and Molly Bloom, however, both seek to strive out against the rules of female sexualShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission( s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturers

Bishop Spong And The Bible - 919 Words

Bishop Spong is certainly not like most church leaders, he views religion and religious beliefs as they should apply to the current generation and incorporates the Bible into society not as fundamental law but by addressing the overall message of God I choose to discuss Bishops Spongs ideas with someone not in this class and I choose to confer on this subject matter with my live in boyfriend Justin. I felt that discussion on these topics with him would be beneficial not only in the completion of my course work but also contribute to the growth and understanding in our relationship of our beliefs regarding the bible and religion, divorce, and homosexuality. Throughout this course I enjoyed many of the topics and discussed them very openly with my spouse because unlike myself he is religious but did not grow up in a home in which church was attended regularly. In discussing and viewing the video on Bishop Spong and the Bible as the truth I came to the conclusion that people agree with the Bishop Spongs statements that the Bible is used most times to support injustice and prejudice with in the world. Justin has always told me since we met that while he believes in God he feels the Bible is just a history book and can be used as a guide for humankind but cannot be applied to the present day. Initially I must say I was a little offended but upon taking this course we can agree that many stories in the Bible tend to be conflicting. In many ways this is a reflection upon societyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Religious Persecution On The Middle Eastern Countries1353 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"All religion seem to need to prove that it’s the only truth. And that’s where it turns demonic. Because that’s when you get religious wars and persecution and burning heretics at the stake,† John Shelby Spong, a retired American bishop of the Episcopal Church, stated about religious persecution circumnavigating the globe. In today’s world pers ecution is a natural reaction to any kind of foreign belief established in a country that is governed by the it’s original religious foundation. An exampleRead MoreAssisted Suicide - Introduction to Ethics Social Responsibility2678 Words   |  11 Pagesof life ... that is built on valuing life at all stages.(McClellan, 2007) The second quote is from John Shelby Spong, a retired Bishop of the Episcopal Church. The right to a good death is a basic human freedom. The Supreme Courts decision to uphold aid in dying allows us to view and act on death as a dignified moral and godly choice for those suffering with terminal illnesses.(Spong, 2007) We will not achieve a society where we can prevail if it is run by morality and principality. We needRead MoreIs Hiking A Mountain Trail1711 Words   |  7 Pageswhere someone asked if Christianity was the only way to salvation. It usually doesn’t take very long until somebody pulls out old faithful here, â€Å"The Bible clearly says,† -- Now I always pull up short when I hear somebody say that the Bible ‘clearly says’ anything, because I know that what’s coming is out of context and probably misquoted. The Bible clearly says, â€Å"Jesus is the way, the truth, and the life. No one comes to the father except through him.† BAM! Discussion over; case closed. That is aRead MoreReligious Homosexual Oppression4676 Words   |  19 Pagesdegree. Homosexuality is mentioned in the Bible, in the Quran, in writings of the Bahai Prophet Bahaullah, and in other texts considered sacred in various world religions. Thus, homosexuality is a legitimate area for theologians to study. It always seemed to me a bit pointless to disapprove of homosexuality. Its like disapproving of rain. Francis Maude Religious conservatives believe in the freedom of error -- the inerrancy -- of the Bible. They base their beliefs about homosexual behaviorRead MoreIs There a Fundamental Difference between Religious Terrorism and Secular Terrorism?3859 Words   |  15 Pagesjustify their acts. Marty and Appleby, (1992) point out that much religious imagery is symbolically violent. each faith tradition supplies fodder in its ambivalence towards violence. Others such as Bishop Spong (1991) , quoted in (Marty Appleby, 1992, likewise attributed misogyny to taking the Bible literally, but both overlook the point that religion each religion also teaches love. Nonetheless, religious terrorism does practice a Manichean type of thinking obsessed with conflict and mostly because

A comprehensive protection plan Free Essays

The primary objective of drawing a comprehensive protection plan is to enable an individual or an organization to survive or avoid a disaster (security threat) and therefore continue with his/her normal daily activities smoothly. To be able to achieve the above, one has to fully access the existing vulnerabilities in relations to the present, and predict future trends. As such therefore, comprehensive protection planning is tedious, complex, and requires careful and proper strategizing. We will write a custom essay sample on A comprehensive protection plan or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order for the plan to be relevant, both the security agent and the client have to make sure that, the plan is adhered to, up to the dot. Protection plans are not a two-month project neither is it a plan that once completed one can forget about it. The plan must be maintained, and tested regularly to gauge its efficient. Any security protection plan has to be systematic so that in the end, security threats can be avoided. The following steps need to be followed in order to come up with a comprehensive protection plan. 1) Plan description; this involves things like; (I) Pre-planning, which deals with the understanding of the immediate environment of an individual or an organization. (ii) Vulnerability assessment:- This concentrates on activities which can reduce the possibility of   a disaster occurrence.(iii) Disaster impact:- A detailed study should be carried out to determine the outcome, should a disaster occur.(iv) Definition of tasks:-this deals with the real course of action should a disaster occur(v) Plan development:-during this phase, recovery plans are tackled and clearly documented.(vi) Testing phase:-the above plan is now   put into real test so as to gauge its feasibility and if possible alternatives are evaluated.(vii) Maintenance of the plan is a very critical phase as   it determines the success of the whole plan should a security threat take place.(viii) Implementation of the plan:– this is   the most important phase of a comprehensive protection plan since the plan will be of no use if it will not be fully implemented. As such implementation includes the following; defining the plan approach, identifying plan implementers, and modifying the plan when need be. The next step, number (2) plan objectives, which as said earlier the main objective of security protection plan is to enable an individual to survive a disaster and therefore carry on with their duties. As such, it requires critical operations trough out the course of plan. These critical operations can only be achieved by establishing of clear objectives. The objectives to any protection plan includes the following; (I) provision of safety to people incase of a disaster. (ii) Continuation with normal activities after a disaster. (iii) Minimize immediate damage and losses. (iv) Minimizing of disruption time. (V) Identify critical support incase the situations are out of control. These objectives help both the security agent and the client to be fully acquainted with the scope of the plan and the general security and safety procedures. Number three in this order is the plan organization and staffing. For the plan to be efficient, it needs to be effected by a number of people. Every level of the plan needs to be taken care of by professionals e.g. guards, drivers etc. initially we had said that protection planning is a tedious, complex, and labor-intensive program. This is so because it will be of no use to draw a detailed plan of action and fail to assign duties to specific people. Professionals as said earlier need to be in full time contact to execute the plan incase of a disaster happening. Lastly in this order are recourse requirements; people or organizations who have tried to develop or implement protection plans without providing the necessary recourses have been largely unsuccessful. Therefore, it is imperative that in order to successfully carry out a protection plan, the essential recourses must be employed to the maximum. Of importance also is the regular testing of plans due to changes of time, and environment. These recourses can be divided into three categories; personnel costs, capitals costs, and on-going costs.( http://www.utoronto.ca/security/documentation/business_continuity/dis_rec_plan.htm) The above steps when followed keenly, then a comprehensive security protection plan can be drawn and successfully executed when need arises. In our contemporary society, security threats have become the order of the day and therefore there is a need to come up with protection plans to combat these threats. Some of the most areas, which are frequently affected when disaster strikes are communication networks, personal security, and transport systems. The following is a detailed plan of action to undertake in relation to communication, personal security, and transportation of a client. How to cite A comprehensive protection plan, Papers

New Brand Option for One Fly Buy

Question: Discuss about theNew Brand Option for One Fly Buy. Answer: Introduction In the year 1996, the Bank of New Zealand in corporation with a number of businesses, that included different retailers and companies started a program that was meant to help their customers in getting relevant information that could facilitate their shopping. The program was also meant to help customers win rewards on daily basis by shopping using fly buy cards. The consumers were awarded presents depending on the number of points that they earned on daily basis during their shopping activities which included grocery shopping, petrol and other day to day purchases. The program was called Loyalty New Zealand. This fly buy program was the biggest in the entire New Zealand with over 50 partners participating in it. There are over 50 outlets that allow the use of fry buy cards and the point collection system with over 1.3 million households actively participating in the program and winning presents regularly. Now the question is on how the program can be expanded and the best method tha t can be adapted to do it by Chris (Lamers, n.d.) New Brand Option for One Fly Buy FLY Buys being the most well known program of Loyalty New Zealand and by so it has certainly reached the maximum penetration. Due to these penetration and popularity it was seen that it was wise to launch new brand. Chris knew that 10 percent of New Zealand population is made up of the consumers aged 18-35.Thise being the youth of New Zealand it was seen to be prudent to launch a youth card branded loyalty program that could be a great success (Kotler and Keller,2012). This was seen as great achievement because the youth group represented the future of fly buys brand and the potential source of brand advocates lifetime values. After going through the statistics, the following trend was seen, the consumers over the age of 65 years were expected to rise (Texier,2000). So, being familiar with the market trend he thought that senior card branded loyalty program could also be launched. It was seen that senior citizen could take advantage of the program especially in the field of Warrant o f fitness (VTNZ). Previous the growth of the company in terms of market share was slow because over 80 percent of the population was using the Fly Back cards, but it improved drastically has they have been able to purse more and more people especially those who have been using the old program. This has enabled the collaboration among the different companies that are participating in this Loyalty New Zealand program. But in order for it to grow and expand further the company needed to do some thorough market research and take some drastic steps in order to increase the number of people participating in the venture (Biggadike,2010) The population of the youth today is growing as per the market survey and research. The growing number of youth mean that the demand of todays product will be high (modern, 2012).With the coming up of many new products in the market and new innovations being carried out, the launch of the card for the youth will attract them towards the prospect of getting gifts from the points earned by shopping their much needed luxury items using card (Jeannet and Hennessery,2010) This option is in many ways better than the other option chosen by the Chris. Option 3, which is expansion of the brand for the fly buys is only concerned with the youth which is only 10 percent, whereas it ignores the middle aged and the senior citizens. Middle aged and senior citizens are not much interested in Fly buy music has they will not find it interesting. They will tend to show more interest in senior cards loyalty program. Also getting into new partnership with partnership with Air New Zealand and its Air poin t loyalty program is unachievable for middle income group and low income group. In New Zealand, launching of new program has got its challenges and it is a high risk venture. It takes a lot of time and a lot of resources but business rules states that if you want to rise in business you have to take risks that enable better developments and increased profits. The chosen option has its own advantages and no doubt Chris had his options well checked before working on it .Due to that, the Fly Back swiping option is available at the fly tickets as well. People travelling by the flights in the New Zealand today are able to enjoy the benefits of Fly card swiping system under the Loyalty New Zealand program. Apart from encouraging many different classes of people to use the Fly buy system, launching of an entirely new program for the youth will encourage more of the young generation to participate in the venture. It is of great important for the youth to participate because the to days generation is the future of the country. Hence investing on the future is a great option for expanding the journey of the Loyalty New Zealand into the future (Doyle,2006). Companies and business people taking part in the venture have got a number of advantages as well. Companies and business people will make more profit as it is a scheme that will attract more customers in their premises. The accumulation of points by customers once they purchase goods or commodities by use of Fly buys card will attract more customers as they will be expecting gifts. People will purchase from companies that are part or partners of Loyalty New Zealand program due to benefits of awards thus leading making of huge profits by the companies. Recommendations Fly buy scheme is the best policy for the Loyalty New Zealand program that can be used by companies for the purpose of expansion and huge profits. The company is supposed to launch a new series of Fly buy cards that will encourage the youth to participate in the program as well. A lot of youth products being being demanded and sold in the market will without no doubt bring a lot of profit to the company if it will venture into them. It is wise to invest in the youth today as they are the future of the country. There was concern that the youth group represents the future of fry buys brand while the potential source of brand advocates lifetime values. After going through the data the statistics are as following, Chris was aware that consumers over the age of 65 are expected to rise, so being familiar with the market trend he thought that senior card branded loyalty program can also be launched. People would like to buy products from the retailers where they may have some benefit (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson,2009). Hence having new brands and companies as partners along with the launch of the youth card will help the new program to develop more successfully. The launch of the new Fly Buy Card can also be promoted by advertisements or mouth to mouth promotion in the beginning so that it can b come more popular and more so consumers can be aware of its advantages. The points that the customers will earn after purchasing a given commodity should be different depending on the prize of the good. The youth can be encouraged to use these cards by attempting them with gifts that are more appealing. The trend of awarding presents should be studied carefully so that appropriate measures can be taken once an issue rises. Conclusion The fly buy is the largest program in the entire New Zealand with over 50 partners participating in it. The rewards are awarded depending on the points that the consumer have collected from their daily grocery shopping, buying petrol and many other day to day purchases. The youth today are increasing as per the market survey and research. The growing number of youth means that they will use more number of products of today (Speculand,2009). Chris had his option well checked and the program has got a lot of advantages compared with other options. Dou to these, today the Fly Back swiping option is available at the Fly tickets as well. People traveling by the flights in New Zealand today can also enjoy the advantages of the Fly buy card swiping system with the Loyalty New Zealand program. With companies coming up with new products in the market and the innovation being carried out, the launch of the card for the youth will make them get attracted by free gifts that one gets through the points earned thus doing good shopping for their much needed luxury goods(Hollensen,2010).So Fly buy program is the best and largest option of marketing that has ever being developed in the New Zealand. References Biggadike, E. R. (2010). The contributions of marketing to strategic management. Academy of Management Review, 6, 621-632 Doyle,P. (2006) Marketing Management and Strategy (4th Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. and Hoskisson, R. E. (2009). Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization. 5th ed. London: Prentice Hall Hollensen,S. (2010). Marketing Management: A Relationship Approach (2nd Edition) UK: Pearson. Huber, J. (2011). Effective Strategy Implementation: Conceptualizing Firms Strategy. Springer Jeannet, J. P. and Hennessey, H. D. (2010). Global Marketing Strategies. 6th ed. USA: Houghton Mifflin Kotler, P, Keller, K. (2012). Marketing Management (14th Edition). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Morden, T. (2012). Principles of strategic management. Ashgate Publishing Limited. UK Lamers,C (n.d.). A decision maker at Loyalty New Zealand. Real People, Real Choices, Chapter 4. Speculand, R. (2009). Beyond strategy: The leaders role in successful implementation. New York: Wiley Publications. Texier, F. (2000). Industrial diversification and innovation. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing limited.

Positive Effects of Reality Television Essay Example

Positive Effects of Reality Television Paper Reality Television Its Sunday night, the work is done and you are ready to sit down and relax. You walk down the stairs, make some popcorn, cuddle up on the couch, and flip on your favorite reality television show. On that Sunday evening you will not only have one reality show to choose from but many because reality television is becoming commonplace. These shows range from competitions to find your future spouse to episodes documenting the life of celebrities. What each show has in common is that is highlights interpersonal relationships. While most parents are stealing the remote o prevent their children from watching reality television, they should be doing the opposite. Even though many believe these shows destroy society, more evidence indicates that the shows benefit and assist people, encouraging them to strengthen their own relationships and make smart decisions within them. Due to reality television becoming more popular it is important to understand its true effects. Reality television shows benefit relationships by providing positive tips, lessons, and examples of what a healthy and positive relationship should be. One type of interpersonal relationships is romantic relationships, which are often expressed on reality dating shows. The heart of dating reality television is Abss The Bachelor. Every season is about a single, handsome, and successful man that is introduced to 25 stunning women in hopes that one of them will be his future wife. Week by week he sends one of the women packing back to her home. At the end of the six-week period he will have one dream woman remaining to whom he will propose. The Bachelor is a great example off program that positively benefits the relationships of viewers. We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Effects of Reality Television specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Effects of Reality Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Positive Effects of Reality Television specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Dana Cloud, a Communication Studies professor, studies their investment and influence that is the result of their attachment and commitment. She disputes that the viewers emotional investment in the show stirs trouble in their own personal relationships. Cloud believes the overload of viewers attachment in the show is obvious by social media comments. On twitter one user tweeted twice in one day about the program and her opinions; these users help verify the attachment of many viewers (Roth). While Cloud argues their investment is negative, psychology suggests the viewers are benefiting from it. Tiffany Brewer argues, The general premise of the social cognitive theory is that people learn from observing others actions and attitudes and the consequences they face as a result. This process is known as modeling and is a core premise of entertainment education (12). The theory implies that viewers are going to apply the positive behavior to their own personal romantic relationships and learn what not to do from the negative behavior by investing themselves in the reality programs. The Bachelor not only benefits the viewers but also many of the participants. Many of the couples that became engaged at the end of the season have moved on past the show and created families. Ryan Suttee the winner of Triads heart from season one of The Bachelors tweeted, Beautiful day to spend with my beautiful wife and kids. So grateful! Him and Tristan have been married for over ten years now and have children. Another example off beneficial relationship is Jason and Molly another chance. Jason, who had a kid from a previous marriage, is now married to Molly and they have a newborn baby. Molly posted a tweet after her baby was born eying, Thank you everyone for all of the well wishes! Riley is such a dream and couldnt be more perfect! We are so happy and in love!!!! #Erlenmeyers. Both of these tweets suggest that the show has benefited couples from The Bachelor. Dating shows are not the only types of reality television shows that affect relationships. In addition to romantic relationships reality television involving competitions, such as The Amazing Race, improve existing relationships between friends and family. The Amazing Race is a reality game show, which typically eleven teams of two race around the world. These partners range from husband and wife to mother and her son racing roughly twelve legs interspersed with physical and mental challenges. Critics have argued reality games shows bring out the worse sides of the contestants, but actually most contestants seem to have really positive experiences. Terry Gross, the host of Philadelphia public radio, offered contestants his opinion that shows like The Amazing Race are designed to bring out the worst in people because you have to be brutally competitive, incredibly aggressive, and honest in the cruelest sense. While Gross is arguing these game shows are punishing relationships, CBS offers elimination interviews of the contestants that imply the opposite. One team, Jessica and John, stated, [a]after running around the world and having your view expanded it makes it more clear than ever how fortunate all of us are. For Jessica and John The Amazing Race offered the insight to appreciate one another in order to strengthen their relationship. Many other couples agree that the show has been beneficial. Another couple Pam and Winnie commented, we would do it again in a heartbeat. We loved the Race so much. We would do it again even if there was no prize money. Their quote also provides evidence on how The Amazing Race gave them an opportunity of a lifetime that they were able to experience together only helped make them closer. There are many sources that support the the participants arguing the benefits of The Amazing Race. In 2006, National Geographic Magazine published an article declaring, [I]f anyone can tell you how to travel outside your comfort zone, embrace risk, and come back alive, its the Winners of TVs The Amazing Race (Whiners). The contestants are facing these risky challenges gather and are experiencing these challenges together, making them stronger. While The Amazing Race takes people to exotic locations, 16 Pregnant is reality television revealing people in their day-to-day life. Mats hit show affects both the viewers and reality stars. 16 Pregnant focuses much more on the relationships between parent and child not only with the newborn, but also with the tens parent as well. The show follows the lives of pregnant teenagers and films the struggles with teen pregnancy. 6 Pregnant has shown positive correlations with one of the main issues in The United States, teen pregnancy. MET paired with The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy to help reduce the rates of teen pregnancy. The campaign published an article revealing facts about teen pregnancy and noted that in 2006 when the rates spiked about 164 out of 1,000 teens became pregnant. The article confirms that MET is working with t he campaign to help viewers understand the fundamental problems of teen pregnancy. In 2009, the first read that [a]approximately 39 births and 72 pregnancies occur per 1,000 girls age 15-19 (Fast Facts). This evidence suggests that 16 Pregnant has led to a decrease in teen pregnancy. After viewing the negative effects of teen pregnancy on the show, teenagers are making better decisions when it comes to their sexual involvement. A research was done to help understand the effects of the program. The paper read: Teenagers are being positively reinforced by watching 16 and Pregnant. Through the use of ads during the show and through the struggles each teen mom encounters, MET is teaching the audience a very valuable lesson: that waiting to have sex and practicing safe sex are the best ways to avoid becoming pregnant as a teenager. Understanding 3) This article lays out partnership formed with MET and advertising nannies as an effort to reduce teen pregnancy. The shows sole purpose, according to MET, is to educate teens and encourage smart decisions within their relationships. 16 and Pregnant captures the building of relationships between not only the teenager and her child but also the teenager and her parent. By observing the behaviors presented on television, viewers are learning how to make smart decisions to help create healthy relationships. Even though many of the examples of behavior shown on television are negative, viewers can still learn by observing according to the theory presented by Tiffany Brewer. Her study on teenagers provides additional evidence that indicates the positive effect of the reality program. She surveyed a group of teenage viewers to bring to the light the lesson they are learning through watching 16 Pregnant each week, after she was done surveying, the most common response was people thought more about the consequences of their actions. The balancing of financial costs, schoolwork, social activities, and a child can be a hassle. The episodes display the legitimate challenges and how a teenager should approach handling the situation. The relationships grow and develop with onscreen inversion and while viewers watch the interactions they will grasp tips and ideas on how to reach out to communicate with their own family members. This exposure will open up conversation about sexual behaviors between parents and their children. It will provide a comforting stance for families to be more open with one another. By making a reality television show center on the issue of teen pregnancy, they are raising awareness in young people and influencing them to make intelligent decisions within their relationship. (Session) 16 Pregnant is not the only show that MET has produced to raise awareness for an issue. The series Catfish is another example off reality television show that affects the audience by opening their eyes to a controversy. Catfish is a television series on MET that is based off of the original documentary about a young man named Yanks Coalman who had a strange experience with online dating. He discovered that the person he had been talking to was actually an older woman faking her identity as a youthful, beautiful girl. Yanks created the series to help others in society who are dealing with similar situations. While some believe Catfish is only boosting the amount of fake online identities, the program similar to 16 Pregnant, addresses the issue and makes viewers aware of the stranger dangers lurking online. Providing knowledge of the mishaps can be used as a guide and relationships (Calendar). While many of societys immediate thoughts are that reality television shows have a negative effect on relationships, there is more evidence to support their broadcasting. Reality television has increasing become more popular within the past 10 years and it is important that society knows the effects of watching it. Reality television is benefiting real life relationships of stars and those who tune in to watch t every evening by providing with great experiences and both positive and negative examples of relationships.

Growth of the Internet Essay

Growth of the Internet Essay Growth of the Internet Essay This is a free sample essay on Growth of the Internet: The Internet opens up new worlds accessible to anyone with a computer and an Internet server. The Internet can provide the user with a new means of communication, entertainment, shopping and possibly even the answers to the most rhetorical questions on the planet. For instance, Delaware is a small state that relatively few people know much about. Currently there is a Internet site insisting that Delaware is not really a state. The creators of the site say Delaware may not actually be a state at all, but a huge spaceship that crashed eons ago. Maybe, it also is an alien breeding ground or a government test site for intergalactic engines. Whatever the question, whether informative or senseless, the Internet has an answer. Search engines such as Yahoo and Excite are todays card catalogs. Search engines perform millions of queries each day. Whatever the theme, search engines can usually locate up hundreds, if not thousands of topics, all in matter of minutes. Not so long ago, this required many hours of research at the local library. The Internet contains thousands of images on file. Unlimited information and services are easily accessible. The diversity of materials available on the net goes far beyond the scope of the traditional library. Buying a house is a less complicated task with the help of a computer. Companies such as ERA, Prudential, and Patterson-Schwartz have Web sites. Real estate Web sites show properties in desired price ranges and locations. Properties are viewed from the convenience of one’s home. Mortgage companies also have Web sites. To compare interest rates is simple. Computing mortgages based on salary, insurance rates, and taxes require just a few keystrokes. Online banking services are a relatively new service. Banking customers can save an extraordinary amount of time performing such tasks as updating balances and making transfers between accounts. Bills are paid without writing checks or licking stamps. Scheduled monthly payments such as loan payments and utility bills can automatically be paid. Computer processed loans have cut processing time from weeks to hours. Computers have cut down on one of banking’s costliest mistakes, that of human error. Banking online is accurate, convenient, and accessible. No longer must customers wait in long lines. Every day financial institutions add new services for online customers. The Internet will be the banking of the future. Retail companies now use the Internet to reach consumers. Every day millions of computer users are inundated with computer generated ads. Millions of potential customers are reached when computers are turned on. Companies such as Lands End electronically mails customers every week with their latest sale items. Egghead Software Company sells computers and computer software by Internet, and has closed all of its traditional retail stores. Products from Egghead are now only available from its online store. Internet stores provide twenty-four hours a day access. Consumers are no longer bound by traditional retail hours. Retail companies have expanded the customer base. Potential profits are enormous, all being accomplished with a few keystrokes. The computer has revolutionized communication. The use of Local Area Networks, Wide Area networks, satellite links, and the Internet, the user can now send electronic mail or data across an ocean. This takes less time than it takes to address an envelope. Internet telephone service allows subscribers to talk long distance without incurring charges associated with conventional long distance service. Today it is possible not only to hear a person over long distance lines, but to see them as well. Computer technology has created a world at our fingertips. The Internet is opening new doorways for any user with access to an Internet server. The number of Web sites increases daily, with the services provided growing larger each day. Companies now must be accessible to the Internet to be competitive. Computers are like the televisions of the 1940s when few people had them. Today, televisions are a part of everyone’s lives. Five years from now, it will be unheard of not to have a computer with access to the Internet. ______________ is a professional essay writing service which can provide high school, college and university students with 100% original custom written essays, research papers, term papers, dissertations, courseworks, homeworks, book reviews, book reports, lab reports, projects, presentations and other assignments of top quality. More than 700 professional Ph.D. and Master’s academic writers. Feel free to order a custom written essay on Internet from our professional essay writing service.

Contextualizing the Effects of the Ruhr Crisis on the Second World War Essay

Contextualizing the Effects of the Ruhr Crisis on the Second World War - Essay Example The Occupation of Ruhr by the French triggered a domino effect of failures and problems that indirectly contributed to the inexorability of a second world war. The issue of reparations and the extent of the effects of the Ruhr crisis comprise â€Å"an excruciatingly tangled thicket into which only a few intrepid explorers have ventured.† However, if one must venture into this tangled thicket, one must plot a course that will show the clearest way to untangle it and take out the unnecessary weeds. In this sense, because the post-war period and the Ruhr crisis involve a lot of events and activities, one must sort through this stream of information and pick out only what is relevant. That is to say that the course exhibited in this paper is not the only explanation as another person may view the events in a different light and may go through a different route. Furthermore, the Ruhr Occupation and World War II are separated by sixteen long years; and so, it is very difficult to sa y for certain that the former caused the latter. Hence, this paper will attempt to show a complete analysis of the significant chain of events that explains why the Ruhr Crisis made a great contribution to the inevitability of a second world war through a shift or a regression in the European balance of power. France’s failure to achieve her goal of industrial expansion through the Occupation of Ruhr proved to be catastrophic as it not only drove a wedge between Britain and France and diminished her power in Europe, but it also created a chain of events that led to Germany’s reinforced supremacy that tipped the balance of power in her favor and the latter’s thirst for revenge that contributed greatly to the inevitability of World War II.

EXPENDITURE ON MOBILE PHONES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

EXPENDITURE ON MOBILE PHONES - Essay Example rates and tariff. The behavioural pattern is more obvious in groups of consumers than in individual consumers. The mobile phone market is expected to grow by 2% in retail volume compared to its review period which witnessed a 40% growth in the earlier period. Owing to the already high penetration rate of mobile phones in the household sector which accounts for 261% in 2013, the future CAGR of the mobile phone market is expected to remain low. Australia experienced a high penetration rate in mobile phone usage. The household penetration of mobile phones grew owing to the rise of smart phones. Consumers in Australia had the tendency to retain the old phones for spare use. This also led to the high penetration rate of mobile phone usage. This trend was observed more in case of simple mobile phones, but in case of smart phones the scenario was different. Smart phones were evolving at a high rate and consumers were less inclined to retain it for spare use as it failed to match the superior performance and feature of the new smart phones. This led to the drop in the penetration rate of smart phone in the Australian market. The penetration rate dropped from 86% in 2010 to 33% in 2013. Samsung retained its leader position in the smart phone market in Australia with more than 32% retail market share. 1 The smart phone market in US has shown significant growth owing to the existence of low value contracts of older models of smart phones. The total shipping value in units for smart phones accounted for 134 million units in 2014. It witnessed an annual growth rate of 9% in the smart phone market in 2013 and an absolute growth rate of 37% from 2008 to 2013. The smart phone industry in US has observed the shift more in case of low priced phones than high value phones. The key focus was on volume and not on value. This was mainly observed when retailers in US offered smart phones for a contract of less than $200 for two years. The older version of the

Resume chapter 16 (EXPORT-ORIENTED GROWTH IN EAST ASIA) Essay

Resume chapter 16 (EXPORT-ORIENTED GROWTH IN EAST ASIA) - Essay Example The global recession of 2008 also affected their economies, but their experiences in international trade are all worth studying because they derived much success in it. With these HPAE are subgroups such as the Four Tigers, namely Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan. Another group is the Newly Industrializing Economies (NIE) of Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. China has a category all its own due to its size and communism influence. The NIE followed suit after the Four Tigers’ economies took off. Experts have analyzed how the HPAE have sustained their economic success and found that these countries were careful in maintaining stable macroeconomics. They also prioritized sharing the benefits of their economic growth with their citizens by providing them access to health care, education and housing, so people were made to feel they were well taken care of. Such actions were successful in soliciting people’s support and confidence. In turn, the high rates of lite racy produced in their people were attractive to foreign investors and multicultural firms. Another reason for their success is the promotion of their exported products while being open to imports. These countries believed that exportation provided the foreign exchange earnings they needed as well as encouraged businesses to be competitive in coming up with high quality products to export while importation brought about new technologies and novel products to update their knowledge in skills. Income rates in these Asian countries are much higher than their Latin American counterparts. As opposed to them, East Asian economy did not have high inequality in income and wealth at the beginning of their growth. The pattern followed what was known as â€Å"Kuznet’s curve†, which suggested equality first declines and then rises. The relative equality in these nations resulted from the characteristic sharing of wealth from economic success. Hence, the provision of basic needs as well as land reform, free public education, free basic health care and significant investments in rural infrastructure such as clean water systems, transportation and communication systems. The positive outcomes of such provision extends to the rise in business opportunities since the people have purchasing power to support small- and medium-scale entrepreneurs which are locally based. This contributes to political stability and sustains the interest of businesses in to invest in these countries on a long-term basis. The export push in the East Asian nations resulted in more than double their share in total world exports and total world manufactured exports. Such success was attributed to education policies favouring the advocacy of literacy spread in primary and secondary schooling. On top of that, HPAE nations endorsed export promotion plicies that created an impetus for export businesses. For example, export financing credit and tax benefits were readily available in Japan and t he Four Tigers for businesses that reach their export targets. Tariff-free access to imports of capital equipment needed in manufacturing is also provided. Such practices of export promotion connected with high rates of growth may be considered controversial in economics as well as sharing such export promotion strategies with other nations as it is likely to create trade conflicts since it may go against the rules of fair trade agreed to by the members of the World Trade Organization. The stability maintained in macroeconomic environments in the

Company Strategies Wm Morrison Supermarket Marketing Essay

Company Strategies Wm Morrison Supermarket Marketing Essay Background of Wm Morrison supermarket PLC Wm Morrison Supermarket Plc is the UK`s 4th biggest retail super market founded in 1899. The company distributes goods, owning and operating around 120 supermarkets and larger superstores. These are mainly based in the north east of the UK, although the company has been expanding into the south. The majority of its supermarkets also have petrol stations on their forecourts, offering discount fuel to customers. In addition, the company offers an in store discount card, Morrison Miles, allowing customers to collect points on their groceries and claim discounts on fuel at these stations. The company has a number of subsidiaries, including Farmers Boy Limited, Holsa Limited, Neerock Limited, W. Todd (Potatoes) Limited, Farock Insurance Company Limited and Wm Morrison Produce Limited. The principal activities of its subsidiaries include the manufacture and distribution of fresh food products, insurance services, polythene bag manufacturing, produce packaging, fresh meat processing and mar ket trading. It displays more than twenty thousand assorted products in its stores, including an extensive own label range. Majority of the brands it sells are its own, amounting to 55%. With the acquisition of Safeway, Morrison is expected to gain around 425 stores throughout the UK. Due to the differing nature of Safeways estate, Morrison will expand its store format to incorporate mid-sized and smaller stores, retaining the Safeway brand for convenience stores. Certain acquired stores will also be selected to gain the Market Street format seen in the Morrison store. The company has an annual turnover of  £14 billion, with more than 10 million customers, 15.6% of the UK grocery market share and 124,000 employees. (DATA MONITOR 2004) Overview of the company`s strategy Wm Morrisons supermarket Plc has three distinct strategies which are: Value- Keeping costs low to ensure the prices are competitive. This is done by offering to all its consumers with an exceptionally best price everywhere they are. Freshness- the company offers more freshly prepared food than any other retailer. This is achieved through vertical integration because it manages nearly every aspect of its business functions internal, involving meat processing, fresh food, fresh fruit, vegetables and transport. The company does all the distribution of its products bought in its stores to customers. Fresh products are delivered into its warehouses under a controlled temperature and plants for packing local and abroad set for forward despatch to their stores nationwide. The company has its own purpose built fresh food plant (factory) called Farmers boy that produces pizzas, cooked meats, pies, packing cheese, sausages and bacon. It also has facilities of processing its meat before sending them to their stores. It manages its own transport fleet. Service- Ensuring the right product is always available, the system of great selling and service for customers` adherence (http://www.morrisons.co.uk). In Michael Porter`s generic strategy terms the company uses a low cost strategy Porter (1980). But in Ansoff product matrix term the company uses penetration strategy, i.e. existing products and markets with an improvement and streamlining of processes in order to compete. In terms of expansion strategy the company uses organic growth in that it sets up factories and farms to produces everything it sells. Assessment of the company current strategy Growth in excess of the market   Measuring of success 2007 2008 2009 Sales growth (exc-fuel) 5.2 4.6 7.9 Market growth rate 4.0 3.5 5.6 Sales growth in excess of the market 1.2 1.1 2.3 This is further represented on the graph below Underlying basic earnings per share (pence) 2009 16.7 2008 14.4 2007 8.3 Total dividend (pence per share) 2009 5.8 2008 4.8 2007 4.0 SWOT Analysis Morrison has benefited substantially from the introduction of the Market Street format to its retail outlets. Its revenues have recorded strong increases for a number of years. However, increased regulation of the grocery market and intensifying competition pose significant future threats. Strengths Substantial northern presence and expansion of manufacturing capabilities Long-standing management team High service standards Weaknesses Dependency on UK Uncertainty over long-term outcome of Merger Lower quality Safeway estate Labour intensive Morrison model Opportunities Diversification Synergies from Safeway merger Convenience store expansion Threats Competitive environment Restaurant expansion Price wars Share price performance MORRISON Share Graph http://www.lse.co.uk/ShareChart.asp?sharechart=MRW 2.0 NATIONALISATION AND GLOBALISATION OF Wm MORRISON SUPERMARKET PLC The decision to nationalise retail supermarket like Wm Morrison supermarket Plc and further to the global markets is very significant since it is a means of expanding the company`s operations, diversify its investments as a source of risk reduction strategy and increase in profitability. However, consideration has to be given with regard to the nature and the type of strategy (ies) to adopt in these environments. It is for instance necessary to consider what type of product (s) to produce and sell, and whether these products will be acceptable in these markets. The company needs to be familiar with the target environments and the countries it wants to enter. The conditions of the market must be assessed to ensure that Wm Morrison can win a share of both national and the foreign markets. Issues such as the economic conditions, political situations, social issues and the levels of technology in these markets will have to be ascertained by the use of PEST (PESTEL) analysis, the competit ive nature of the markets which five forces model analysis can be adopted to assess the levels of competition existed in these markets (Porter 1980), as well as Tariffs, duties and compliance with rules and laws are other vital issues to be considered also. Wm Morrison will have to conduct its own organisational audit with the use of SWOT analysis to assess it strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats so that strategies could be developed geared (towards) that. The development of a required organizational processes and allocating of appropriate resources to national and global effort normally requires creating an independent departments (for export) within the organization. Though, this may be expensive when overheads and other liabilities are considered. It may take a considerable number of years to develop a sizeable market share. As a consequence corporation in a form of strategic alliance with other retail supermarkets could reduce dramatically the timing to establish in these foreign markets 3.0 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE The concept and interest of competitive advantage started many years ago but never became popular until the 60s of the twentieth century that the concept spread out when Edmund Learned Kenneth Andrews mentioned SWOT analysis denoting strength as a competitive advantage (Schendel, 1994). Competitive advantage as an organizational competence and ability to perform in one or many ways that other competitors find it difficult to imitate now and in the future (Kotler, 1997:53; Kotler, 2000). Nevertheless, for the Wm Morrison supermarket to compete in these target markets, it has to develop a strategy that will be unique and difficult to be imitated by other players in both the national and the global markets. Porter (1985) recognized competitive advantage as a strategic goal; that is a dependent variable and the rationale behind this is that the good performance is related to achieving a competitive advantage (Read Difillipi, 1990:90). Others see competitive advantage as an ability to produce products or offer services different to what competitors do, by utilizing the strengths that organizations possess so as to add value in a way that competitors find it difficult to imitate (Pitts Lei, 1968:68). It can be assumed that competitive advantage is a relative quality that organizations claim to possess through which they can exceed their rivals performance, and achieve long lasting benefits as perceived by clients. It is believed that the framework presented by Michael Porter is one of the most well-known tools that are used in theoretical as well as empirical research, since it pays an emphasis on all the activities carried out by an organization with respect to its external environment. Competitive business strategy Competition in Global environment which was written and later on edited by Michael Porter Porter (1986) is a means to study and an attempt to systematizing global business development. Porter analyzes a firm`s global strategic options by concentrating on two concepts: allocation and coordination. By allocation he meant globally distributing and allocation of the value chain activities. On the other coordination refers to the coordination amongst the distributed bases. He explained global strategy as a strategy to achieve a global competitive advantage through concentrated allocation or coordination of distributed activities, or both (Porter 1986, p. 35) and indicated that for proper understand of competitive advantage concept of a global strategy or the cause of globalization of a firm, Mw Morrison should identify the circumstances for achieving cost diminution or differentiation by globally focusing on the operations or coordinating the distributed activities. He emphasised that such situations are: (1) immediacy to markets; (2) economies of scale and experience effect; (3) effective consolidation and coordination of activities; and (4) comparative advantage of each country. Global competitive strategy gives a company with the ideas to generate an offensive and / or defensive position in the global markets whereby yielding greater returns on its investments. According to Porter a company must adopt a competitive strategy to win advantage competitively over its rivalries. Competitive advantage is something that gives a business an edge over its competitors in the products/ services it provides (offers). Companies have unearthed different approaches to this end, and the most significance of the strategy for a particular company is eventually a unique design reflecting its special situation. Competitive National business strategy Ansoff matrix for strategy New Market 2. Market Development 4. Market Diversification Current Market 1. Market Penetration 3. Product Development Current Product New Product Ansoffs Marketing Model Adopted from Ansoff (1957) According to Ansoff (1957), Wm Morrison supermarket may decide choosing one of the four product-market growth strategies which are shown on the diagram above. They consist of market penetration, market development, product development (diversi ¬Ã‚ cation). But Ansoff however suggests that the safest of these growth strategic options is to adopt a market penetration strategy. With this strategy Wm Morrison could gain more usage from its existing consumers and moreover seeks to attract new ones in their existing market. On the other hand, Ansoff indicated that the slightly riskier option will be to take the market-development strategy of attracting new kinds of consumers for the present produce of the business from either new channels of distribution, or new geographic areas. Wm Morrison as an alternate may a strategy of product development, by developing completely new products, diverse versions of existing products or quality at different levels of current products to be sold in its existing markets. The final strategic option in Ansoff terms Wm Morrison can pursue and is also the riskiest strategy overall is the strategy of diversi ¬Ã‚ cation. With this Wm Morrison supermarket will have to develop completely new produce for new markets. This is very costly because the company has to abandon what it is producing and selling presently. In the writings of Hangstefer (1999) in order for Wm Morrison to build growth drive, its managers should persuade innovation in their core strategy. And this should focus on factors such as the re-de ¬Ã‚ ning of markets or the development of products and services. Even though Hangstefer`s view is partially consistent with that of Ansoff. According to Hangstefer Wm Morrison should embark on the most basic product-market growth options; by indicating that a more innovative approach would be for the business to employ a growth strategy involving a number of combinations of variables. Hangstefer cited Manchester United PLC as an example, which is the holding company of the Manchester United Football Club. It has pursued growth opportunities related to their core business, as well as through new businesses, for instance Manchester United Merchandising and Manchester United Catering. Boston consulting group (BCG ) growth share matrix The BCG matrix is a technique use for growth, particularly for multi-divisional or multiproduct companies such as Wm Morrison supermarket. The organisations divisions and or products compromise the firm`s business portfolio. The portfolio`s composition can be crucial to the development and achievement of the firm. The matrix looks at two variables, which are: market growth rate and relative market share. The Matrix evaluates a firms position regarding its products range. This will help Wm Morrison to consider its products and/ or services in order to make decisions concerning products and services that need to be kept or removed and additional investments it has to make in furtherance to participating fully nationally. Shown on the horizontal (y) axis is the market growth rate while on the vertical (x) axis is the Relative market share (Henderson, 1979). The BC Groups Growth Strategic matrix Stars Disaster sequence Cash consumer Cash neutral Success sequence Invest Problem Children (Question marks) Large negative cash flow ?Analyse Cash Cows Large positive cash flow Milk Dogs Cash consumer Modest cash flow Divest Relative Market Share Adapted from Hedley (1977), p12 Wm Morrison may have to classify its products range according to the quadrant in order to decide the way forward. Question Marks (High growth/ Low relative market share) These are Wm Morrison produce which grow quickly and as a consequence lead to high cash consumption, however they dont generate enough cash since they have little market shares. The effect is huge net cash spending. A question mark may have the possibility to grow in market share and turn into a star, and finally a cash cow as soon as the market growth slows. It may turn out to be a dog when the market growth declines, if it doesnt develop to be a market leader. The company may need to analyse cautiously to decide if they merit the investments it requires to growing market share. These are the strategies to adopt for question marks: Market penetration Market development Product development These are all extensive strategies /or divestment STARS These will be Wm Morrison products that are seen as market leaders in high growth industries. However, it will have to spend to sustain development and to protect the leadership situation. Stars are normally only slightly lucrative but as they attain older position in their life cycle and development slows, proceeds grow to be more attractive. The stars offer the foundation for lasting growth and productivity. The strategic options for stars may involve integration, forward, backward and horizontal, Product development, Joint venture, Market penetration and Market development. Cash Cows (Relatively high market share/ but Low growth rate) Cash Cows are the more lucrative produce in the portfolio that must be milked. The condition is often been boosted by economies of scale which could be there with market leaders. Cash Cows might be used to finance the operations in the other 3 quadrants. It is enviable to sustain the strong stands as much as practically. Product development concentric, diversification if the position weakens as a result of loss of market share or market contraction then options would comprise reduction of expenditure (or even divestment) Dogs Dogs comprise a low market share and a low growth rate and neither provides nor consumes a huge sum of cash. Dogs are however, cash traps since the cash locked up in the business that has little potential. Such products are candidates for divestiture. Options are: Reduction of expenditure (if it is thought that it could be revitalised) Liquidation Divestment (if someone can buy) It should however be noted that productive products could well go from question mark through to star, to Cash Cow and at last to Dog. Fewer flourishing products which never gain market position may move directly from question mark to Dog (Hofer Schendel, 1978) Competitive Global business strategy Wm Morrison supermarket can enter into the global markets by adopting Porter`s generic strategy which he indicated that a firm may decide to pursue either low cost strategy or differentiation strategy. Porter indicated that companies cannot pursue the two strategies at the same time but rather one at a time. Cost Leadership Strategy focuses on attaining low costs relative to its rivals. Reducing costs result to lowering prices, that can raise demand for products and /or services, but if the product or services cannot be produced at a lower cost then it will rather reduce profit margins. For Wm Morrison supermarket to compete on cost bases then it must address issues about overheads, materials, labour, and other costs, and to design a system that lowers the cost per unit of its product or service before entering the global markets. Often, the lowering of costs requires extra investments in automated facilities, equipments and employees skill. On the contrary, Differentiation Strategy concentrates on creating exceptionality products such that the firms products and services are obviously distinguished from that of its competitors. In other words, the focus is on creativity and innovation that have long been recognized as crucial for bringing the needed change to obtain the competitive advantage (Dean, 1998). The Porter`s competitive advantage has given rise to Schuler and Jackson (1987) come out with three competitive advantage strategies that Wm Morrison can adopt to achieve competitive advantage by embarking on Quality enhancement, Cost reduction and innovation. Apart from Porter`s pronouncement of how to enter global markets, there are other means by which Mw Morrison can enter global market for instance, green field, acquisitions, joint ventures, franchising, licensing, etc. When establishing acquisitions, joint ventures, franchising, licensing, etc. it is very important to locate a reliable partner. Any of these strategies may require a due diligence exercise in the global markets in order to perform checks and balances to ascertain how satisfactory the foreign partners may cater for the needs of both the firm and its customers. 5.0 STRATGY IMPLEMENTATION McKinsey, (1980, p. 31) developed 7s model which Mw Morrison supermarket could adopt to implement its strategies. This model will assist the company to assess its strategies, structure, systems, skills, style, staff, synergy (shared values) and where necessary improvement or changes can be made. The current strategy of low cost, freshness and customer service (value), with its systems, structure, skills, shares values, style and staff seem to be working effectively looking at the levels of the company performance from the strategic analysis done above. However, it is assumed that the new and proposed strategies will function appropriately with other elements. Strategy Skills Synergy style Systems structure Staff Adopted from: Structure Is Not Organization (1980) The Art of Japanese Management (1981) In Search of Excellence (1982). 5.1 Challenges of strategy implementation Wm Morrison`s strategy of competition presently is the use Porters generic strategy based on low cost and market penetration which is Ansoff idea, however extending this same strategy to the national markets may attract other competitors to imitate it especially if they see the idea to be effective thereby they losing their market share. On the contrary, the adoption of differentiation strategy may cause additional costs which will lead to the increment of the organisations total costs which they may not have that much to invest. The implementation of green field, acquisition, joint venture, licensing, franchising, etc., will no doubt change the current business practices. In terms of 7s model, there will be so many difficulties with both markets entries, for instance staff may resist the idea of internationalisation and globalisation with the fear of losing either their jobs, position, modification of working conditions. When it comes to skills, the company may have to institute a program to ensure the employees have the require skills to meet the new strategies. The systems will have to be improved to meet the new demands and the structure will be altered. 6.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS In Johnson, Scholes and Whittington terms of feasibility, acceptability and sustainability, the strategy of low cost seem more feasible in the national markets but it may not be sustainable since it can easily be imitated by other competitors. It is not clear at this whether it will be acceptable by the employees and the shareholders Johnson et al (1988). The other options will be to adopt differentiation strategy that could be sustainable since it is difficult to copy but this option may not be acceptable given the additional costs it has to incur. Another option is the Ansoff (1991) matrix, to pursue new market strategy by using the existing products range to enter the new markets. Since this may be less risky than especially the new market strategy with the development of entirely new products for new markets. Acquisition strategy involving purchasing and controlling and existing market seem more feasible for the global entry since it is less risky, more receptive to the local customer, involving the use of local expertise, less costive compare to green field strategy of having to set up new factories to produce. Franchising could also be use as another option, however the franchisee may gain portions of the company`s profit and may even set up their own at some point resulting to a total loss of the business to the franchisee. Licensing may pose less threats to also use may be than even franchising.

Humorous Wedding Toast by the Brides Brother Essay -- Wedding Toasts

Humorous Wedding Toast by the Bride's Brother Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen. Firstly, on behalf of the bridesmaids, I'd like to thank Mike for his kind words and reiterate how wonderful they look and what a fantastic job they have done today. I would also like to say that Sallie looks stunning - as I'm sure you'll all agree. Which really isn't that much of a surprise given we are related. Sallie is of course my sister, so I've known her much longer than I've known Mike. But I have been sternly warned not to delve into any of her terrible past relationships, her horrible pre- and post-teen attitude, her early problems with alcohol and the short spell she spent in a Singapore jail for drug trafficking. Instead, all I'll say is that, as I have seen her grow up, she has become...

Occupational Safety and Health

CT301 Understand Health and Safety in Social Care Settings ? ? ? ? ? ? ? 3. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with health and safety legislation, To preserve life, To minimise the consequences of injury and illness, To treat injuries and illnesses effectively. 4. 1 Routes of infection may include: Blood circulation, Digestive, Respiratory, Body fluids. 4. 2 Own health or hygiene might pose a risk by e. g. : Causing a serious infection, Causing illness, Causing fatalities. 4. 3 Method may include: Using soap, Using running water, Using hot water, Thoroughly, Frequently,Rubbing palms and interlacing fingers, After every contact with an individual, body fluids or tasks. 4. 4 Personal protective equipment – refers to any protective equipment or clothing that an employer must provide where risks have been identified. This may include: Gloves, Aprons, Masks, Hair nets. When to use may include: During personal care, Handling waste, A change of activity, To protect the carer, To protec t the individual. 5. 1 Current legislation may include: Manual handling Operations Regulations, Health & Safety at Work Act. 5. 2 Principles may include: Avoiding hazardous manual handling,Conducting a full risk assessment of load, task, environment and individual, Reporting immediately any difficulties, Adhering to agreed working practices, Using equipment correctly. 5. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with legislation, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, To safeguard own and others health and safety, To apply agreed working practices, To use equipment correctly. Disposing of food may include: Wiping all spillages quickly, Ensuring all left over food is disposed of quickly, Ensuring bins are emptied frequently. 11. 3 Common hazards could be:Not cooking/heating food until piping hot, Re-heating food more than once, Using food that has passed its use-by date, Not following correct thawing instructions for food, Contamination through different foods spilling onto each ot her. 1. 1 Current legislation and subsequent amendments may include: Health & Safety at Work Act, The Management of Health & Safety Work Regulations, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH), Manual Handling Operations Regulations, The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR), Personal Protective equipment regulations. . 2 Policies and procedures may include agreed ways of working as well as formal policies and procedures Main points may include: The significant risks in relation to the workplace and work tasks, Control measures for hazards, The arrangements for reporting accidents or health problems, The arrangements for first aid, fire and emergencies, Who the key person is for health and safety matters, How health and safety is communicated in the workplace, The arrangements to protect others. Individual refers to someone requiring care or support. 1. Responsibilities of the social care worker may include: To take reasona ble care for own and others’ health and safety, To report to employer potential and actual hazards and risks, To take part in health and safety training, To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures. Responsibilities of the employer or manager may include: To provide a safe place of work, To assess risks and take action to reduce them, To provide information, instruction, training and supervision, To provide safety signs, To provide adequate welfare and first aid facilities.Responsibilities of individuals may include: To understand and comply with health and safety instructions and procedures, To take reasonable care for own and others’ health and safety. 1. 4 Tasks that the learner should not carry out without special training may include those relating to: Use of equipment, First aid, Medication, Assisting and moving, Emergency procedures, Food handling and preparation. 1. 5 Accessing additional support and information may include : App ointed person(s) responsible for health and safety, Line manager, Health and safety Executive (HSE),Environmental Health department. 2. 1 Meaning of hazard may include: The potential to cause harm e. g. working practice. Meaning of risk may include: The likelihood of harm occurring e. g. through exposure to a hazard. 2. 2 Using a risk assessment may include: Identifying hazards, Evaluating risks, Taking precautions, Reviewing risks, Reporting and recording outcomes. 2. 3 Reporting potential risks may include: Recording findings on a risk assessment form, Communicating findings immediately to manager/appointed health and safety, representative. When to report potential risks may include:Immediately, When existing control measures are inadequate, When additional control measures are required, When there have been changes to original risk assessment e. g. changes to working practices. 2. 4 Risk assessment can help by e. g. : Making the individual aware of the risks, Making the individu al aware of the responsibilities employees and the employer have, Being used as the basis for safe working arrangements. 3. 1 Accidents may include: Falls, Burns and scalds, Slips and trips, Swallowing a hazardous substance. 3. 2 Sudden Illness may include: Cardiac arrest, Difficulty with breathing,Stroke, Hypoglycaemia, Seizures, Loss of consciousness, Food poisoning. Procedures may include: Recording and reporting of accident or illness with full details, Registered person submitting notification to CQC and HSE, Informing individuals’ next of kin. 6. 1 Reasons may include: To understand individual’s needs and preferences, To meet individual’s needs and preferences, To apply agreed working practices, To move the individual safely and correctly, To minimise injury to individual, self or others. 6. 2 Care Plan – may be known by other names (e. g. support plan, individual plan).It is the document where day-to-day requirements and preferences for care and su pport are detailed. Importance of care plan and fully engaging with individual may include: To understand individual’s needs and preferences, To meet individual’s needs and preferences, To move the individual safely and correctly, To involve individual as an active participant in process, To minimise injury to individual, self or others, As a way of ensuring that move is comfortable for the individual. 7. 1 Hazardous Substances may include: Cleaning materials, Disinfectants, Body fluids, Medication. . 2 Safe practices for storing may include: In correct and labelled containers only, Under correct conditions as per instructions, In a secure area. Safe practices for using may include: Reading instructions on label before using, Not mixing substances together incorrectly, Only using substances if trained to do so, Using PPE as instructed, Reporting any difficulties immediately, Safe practices for disposing may include: Under correct conditions as per instructions, By foll owing disposal workplace procedure. 8. 1 Procedures to prevent fire may include:No smoking, Not having fire doors propped open, Checking appliances are turned off, Checking plugs are switched off, Following a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent gas leaks may include: Checking appliances are turned off e. g. cooker, fire. Procedures to prevent floods may include: Being aware of how to turn off main water supply, Ensuring taps are turned off after use e. g. bath, sink. Procedures to prevent intruding may include: Being vigilant of security of building i. e. doors, windows, Locking doors and windows, Not giving out key codes to others,Following a procedure checklist. Procedures to prevent security breaches may include: Being vigilant of security of building i. e. doors, windows, Reporting any concerns, Following a procedure checklist. 8. 2 Procedures to follow in event of fire may include: Raise the alarm, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Go to f ire assembly point, Move self and others away from danger area if safe to do. Procedures to follow in event of a gas leak may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off,Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of a flood may include: Turn off main water supply, Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Do not turn any switches on/off, Go to assembly point, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. Procedures to follow in event of intruding may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others to a safe area if possible, Record incident.Procedures to follow in event of a security breach may include: Dial 999 or inform health and safety officer/manager immediately, Move self and others away from building immediately, Record incident. 9. 1 Stress can have positive as well as negative effects, but in this unit the word is used to refer to negative stress. Common signs and indicators of stress may include: Feeling more tearful or sensitive, Loss of motivation, Changes in sleep patterns, Changes in eating habits. 9. 2 Circumstances may include: Increased demands from others, Changes in working practices or new working practices,Changes in team members, Relationships, Unexpected changes i. e. financial, personal, work. 9. 3 Ways may include: Taking time out for yourself, Talking through how you feel with your line manager, Attending any stress management courses available, Engaging in relaxing activities whilst away from work. 10. 1 Handling medication may include: Ordering, Receiving, Storage administration, Recording, Disposal. 10. 2 Person responsible for medication may include: Trained worker, Designated person, Individual when self-medicating. 10. 3 Reasons may include: To comply with legislation, To ensure it is administer ed safely,To ensure it is administered correctly, As workers are accountable for their actions. 11. 1 Current food safety standards may include: Food Standards Act, Food safety workplace policy, Food safety guidelines. 11. 2 Storing food may include: Ensuring all food stored is covered over, Storing food on correct shelf/container in fridge/cupboard, Labelling with date all food stored, Storing cooked food when cooled down. Maximising hygiene may include: Keeping yourself clean, Wearing protective clothing, Keeping workplace clean, Using separate utensils and equipment for different types of food, Regular and through hand washing.

Tracking the Fangle in Newfangled

Tracking the Fangle in Newfangled Tracking the Fangle in Newfangled Tracking the Fangle in Newfangled By Maeve Maddox Until I saw the word fangled used humorously in a couple of blogs, Id never given any thought to the elements of newfangled. Can something be oldfangled, or just plain fangled? Come to find out, the fangled part of newfangled is a fossil from Old English. For those of you unfamiliar with the word, the meaning usually understood by newfangled is Newly or recently invented or existent, novel; gratuitously or objectionably modern or different from what one is used to. OED Ex. My grandmother refuses to use anything so newfangled as a cell phone. The word newfangled, with the sense of addicted to novelty/ready to grasp at new things, is first recorded about 1470. The sense lately come into fashion occurs in 1533. The Old English verb fon (to capture, seize, take) had the past participle form gefangen. Not only does this old verb give us the fangle in newfangled, it gives us the word fang. with the sense of sharp tooth. Makes sense: something with fangs can seize with them. NOTE: Another O.E. word, fengto, meant a catching- or grasping-tooth. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Based in" and "based out of"36 Poetry TermsDozen: Singular or Plural?

The Unromantic Ballroom of Romance †Arts Research Paper

The Unromantic Ballroom of Romance – Arts Research Paper Free Online Research Papers The Unromantic Ballroom of Romance Arts Research Paper In his beautiful, award-winning drama The Ballroom of Romance, Pat O’Connor brilliantly exudes the gloominess and individual hopelessness of Irish life in the 1950’s. Unlike previous films such as The Quiet Man (1952) and Far and Away (1992), the film approaches Irish life from a non-romantic perspective. Rather than portray Ireland as a fantastic, scenic refuge from modernization, The Ballroom of Romance demonstrates the actual loneliness and silent torture of rural Irish life during this time. It is rare to find a movie that allows one to delve into the same emotions as the characters within it, but Pat O’Connor achieved this feat when he presented us with the characters in The Ballroom of Romance. Our main focus is placed upon Bridie, a thirty-six year old farmwoman who has frequented the so- called ballroom for twenty years. O’Connor lets us into her life by showing the busy but bland farm work-day, and he does so in a way which manages to exhaust the viewer as we feel tired for Bridie who has so much work to do considering her father is handicapped. The written version of Ballroom also adds to the drama for we enter Bridie’s mind and have a glimpse of her personal desires and wished to be let out of her cage and allowed to have a normal life. The expressionless face she carries about in the film though, is sufficient in portraying her dreary outlook on life. The lighting is dark around the farmhouse where we are constantly reminded of hard labor and soil. Films such as The Quiet Man depict farmhouses to be cozy on green, grassy hills where there is deep romantic Irish cheeriness occurring. In Ballroom, we are reminded that this is everyday Irish life and the overall mood is harsh and labor-intensive. Repetition is a key factor in this life where Bridie has accustomed herself to doing things on certain days and not thinking much of the work she has to do. It simply just has to be done. There is one shred of hope for this woman’s life to improve, which is the weekly, Saturday visit to the great â€Å"Ballroom of Romance.† A change of clothes and atmosphere seem to be the only possible cure for the stark life being led the people of these Irish hills. There is a contrasting difference between this type of community atmosphere in romantic Ireland pictures and in Ballroom. Where a pub or dancehall in The Quiet Man brings peopl e together as a celebration of the community, The Ballroom of Romance is ironically quite unromantic. People here compete for each other’s hearts in shear desperation and fear of always being alone. O’Connor brings the ballroom into the picture by showing its preparation by the owners, the Dwyers, early on Saturday afternoon. The building sits on barren land with no vegetation or other establishments of any kind directly around it. We see both the one road to the building and the building itself; shown at a perspective where it is the only real thing we see within the frame allowing us to believe there really is nothing else around to be seen. This contrasts The Quiet Man which may also show vast open fields, but with blowing blades of grass and blue skies which beckons the viewers to come and enjoy. Far and Away keeps people and pleasurable scenery within the frames as well, even during unpleasurable scenes. Ballroom though, accentuates the emptiness as we see it sitting and waiting to be filled with people we hope will be happy for one day in their lives. After the audience is shown just what an hour typically is like within the ballroom, we no longer feel as though th ere is a fighting chance for much pleasure to arise out of this location of desperateness. One can not help but feel sorrow for Bridie who obviously realizes she has passed her age and chance of finding someone here and getting out of her regular life. The lifelessness of the entire scene is enough to drive anyone away who has had a chance to leave and thus only the survivors and youths are left here. The desperateness of the older women such as Bridie and Madge is overwhelming as we watch them endure long dances with men they care nothing about. They do this just for a small chance to be a part of the life some people were lucky enough to encounter. Madge is the most ridiculed of the Ballroom for she is the oldest and makes it quite clear that she does not care about whom she ends up with; she just wants to be with somebody. The prospect of finally joining someone only driving force left behind these survivors. All the people in the ballroom besides the youths are those who have not yet met spouses or found a good excuse to never come back such as emigration. Those who have not emigrated or gotten married are constantly searching for someone with whom they can end their loneliness whether it is through love or a settlement for the next best thing. The â€Å"romantic Ireland† films never reveal such loneliness or desperateness, but rather they reserve the joining of the cha racters to be done by romantic love. There is never cause for the next best thing unless it will work out for the characters to fall in love in the end anyways. The sadness for our heroine Bridie continues because we see her â€Å"next best thing† is lost to someone else. Her desperateness radiates from the intermission scene where she goes beyond herself to recommend eye care to Dano Ryan. Her hopes are shattered when he tells her that the problem was being taken care of by another woman. At this point the audience also feels her pain for O’Connor has managed to convey that there is nothing left out in the ballroom but the three drunken bachelors who are considered useless and for that matter disgusting. Bowser Egan, one of the bachelors, proposes a union with Bridie in a couple of years when his mother has passed for at that point, as Bridie knows, he will need someone to take care of him. Since Bridie has now accepted her age and vowed to not return to the ballroom again, she has nothing left but this last possible chance. The movie is open ended and the audience is left being caught as Bridie is for we hope she will not go through with it but then she has no other choice but to remain alone. This film really highlights the plight of rural Irish women and the fact that true Ireland is based on practicality more than romanticism. It is clear that people are joined more often for economic reasons rather than romantic love as is displayed by â€Å"romantic Ireland† movies like The Quiet Man or Far and Away (where the Irish successfully emigrate but still end up together romantically). Women are not considered fully women until they are married with children and O’Connor’s Ballroom really captivates this phenomenon. The women such as Bridie know and believe they are worthless, which is why in their last attempts at finding some type of man to make them valuable in society are crucial. The use of dark, dim lighting and slow music or the sounds of a low radio are key concepts in conveying the barren idea of Ireland and the hopeless life led by most of the rural people. No matter how they attempt to entertain themselves, there is an underlying fact that this is as good as it gets. â€Å"Happy Homes for Ireland and for God† is a banner that rests over the stage in the ballroom, and as Luke Gibbons comments, the community â€Å"shuffles through its paces in the knowledge that even entertainment offers no respite from all pervasive emotional analysis,†(Gibbons, Projecting Ireland†¦). Though the banner tries to exude cheerfulness and togetherness, it fails in doing so in this place where all anyone can think about is a last chance. The only hope within the film at all rests in the future generations where young lovers leave together and Ireland may be saved. Perhaps in showing them O’Connor raises the idea that emigration may subside and the fu ture can be happy bringing Ireland together again. In all, Patrick O’Connor’s The Ballroom of Romance aims and succeeds at showing the other Ireland which is dark and empty. This change is new and fresh in comparison to the creation of tourist attractions of green happy hills and romantic opportunities as is done in The Quiet Man (John Ford) or Far and Away (Ron Howard). His new methods have been followed since and real Irish issues are being faced rather than masked over in movies such as The Butcher Boy (Neil Jordan) or even The Crying Game. It is only in this manner can we learn about Irish life the way it really was and why sadly so many people at one time wanted to leave it. Research Papers on The Unromantic Ballroom of Romance - Arts Research PaperWhere Wild and West MeetThe Spring and AutumnMind TravelAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentPersonal Experience with Teen Pregnancy19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionHip-Hop is Art

Discussion paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion paper - Essay Example The IT issues draught down by authors and researchers are numerous, but some of them which can be highlighted; such as, job security risk, IT network security risk, difficulty in learning new trends of the society, misuse of IT, vulnerability of IT from outer sources of education, hardware/software selection, access, equity, educational society issues in IT, censorship, privacy policies, home use or school use of IT, staff development and training, funding, copyright issues, plagiarism issues and ethics (Sanders 56). All these matters would be judged in provisions of the impact of IT as it has altered the way in which we function in our society. This topic would highlight the aspects of Information Technology which have supported the teaching and learning process in the education sector. The applications of IT has changed a lot in the education field since the last 15 years and all educational institutions including students are availing this facility for learning and teaching purposes with the help of IT (Pea, Wulf, Elliott, Darlin 5). However, the availability of computers at school and home for students have also raised many issues for the educational leaders.

How Can Critical Thinking Help Managers to Do their Jobs More Assignment

How Can Critical Thinking Help Managers to Do their Jobs More Effectively - Assignment Example In order to be contented with continuous re-learning, the power of critical thinking of self-critique is vital (Paul, Beach, 1995). Critical thinking may be defined as thinking that involves the relevance of judgment. It is developed and polished as an easy rational structure to educate people on a purpose-driven appraisal process. It’s all concerning the methodical use of one’s own decision. The tendency is to consider critical thinking as a cold, scientific or objective way of visualizing things, however, this is wrong. The truth is that everyone is attentive in his own subjective experience of the world. The rigid truth that is carried with one into each new state of affairs and it would be unwise to act as if that one can merely put that away at will so as to view the present matter without partiality or judgment. Actually, it’s not even desirable. The requirement is that for people to build the optimal use of their knowledge and to act insensibly suitable ways in order to accomplish their objectives (Wells, N.D). Everybody thinks; it is the natural to do so. However, most of the thinking is biased, unclear, partial, and unaware. Thus the quality of lives and that of the produce depends exactly on the quality of the thought. Brilliance in thought must be methodically educated (Paul, Elder, 2001).   Faculties concur generally that the growth of students higher-order intellectual or cognitive aptitude is the vital educational task of institutions. These abilities strengthen students insight of the world and the ensuing decisions they make. Particularly, critical thinking - the ability to assess expertly and fairly the quality of proof and spot mistake, pretense, exploitation, and prejudice - is vital to both personal victory and state desires (Gardiner,  1995).

Microeconomices Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Microeconomices - Term Paper Example f individuals, firms, and industries in terms of producing and consuming of economic goods and services, the concept of cost is relevant as it affects microeconomic activities of the units concerned. For consumers and individuals who are not familiar with the concepts of costs, one might have the tendency to discard this as irrelevant and immaterial. However, close examination of these underlying theories would enlighten consumers on their effects on prices and quantities of goods which are normally offered to the public. It is therefore the objective of this essay to present relevant concepts, theories and applications concerning costs in microeconomics. The costs to be discussed range from opportunity cost, production costs, marginal cost, cost of externalities, the law of diminishing returns and economies of scale. It is interesting to note that in economics, all costs are considered opportunity costs. As rationalized by Petroff (par. 2), â€Å"anytime a resource is used for any purpose, it implies that some other good cannot be produced with that quantity of the resource, that some other resource is not used for the given production instead, and that revenues from other production are foregone. Thus, costs are either explicit cost for the resource used or implicit costs from alternative use of the resource.† To use a practical application, for a consumer who decided to buy a television set, the opportunity cost could be the value of a trip to a nearby beach resort which was not taken due to the purchase. Productions costs are normally related to firms or business enterprises engaged in manufacturing or producing goods for sale to the public. The concept of productions costs are not only discussed in microeconomics but more so in accounting or finance. Production managers are tasked with monitoring the costs of raw materials as well as labor and overhead costs to maximize profits. These costs could be classified as fixed, variable and total costs. Petroff

Hnc Accounts - Business Law Outcome Essay Example for Free

Hnc Accounts Business Law Outcome Essay There are two institutions in the UK that have the power to make statutory legislation in Scotland. The first of these institutions is Westminster (London) where elected individuals serve in the House of Commons. These members are known as MP’s (Members of Parliament). Parliament is responsible for passing new laws (legislation). In the late nineties the House of Commons allowed the passing of devolved powers to the newly created Scottish Parliament. Only certain powers were transferred to Holyrood and Westminster still control the laws that govern Tax, National Security and many others. Westminster is still regarded as Primary Legislation. This means that any law made by Westminster in reserved matters of policy must be adhered to by the Scottish Parliament. The second of these institutions is Holyrood (Edinburgh) where 129 elected individuals serve in the Scottish Parliament. These members are known as MSP’s (Members of Scottish Parliament). The Scottish Parliament was created on the 11th Sept 1997. The voters in Scotland took part in a referendum where they voted on a Devolved Scottish Parliament. This meant that Westminster would allow this devolved parliament to create laws in certain areas of policy. The Scottish people voted for a devolved parliament and the devolved powers were transferred from Westminster to The Scottish Parliament on the 1st July 1999. Westminster reserved certain powers that still govern many areas of Scotland today but the devolved powers allow Scotland to pass laws and regulate in areas such as Agriculture, Health and Housing to name a few. The process of making primary legislation in the UK follows a very strict procedure of three distinct stages. An MP, Lord or a member of the public can raise a bill to suggest a change of law (legislation). The first stage  of the process involves a parliamentary committee of members. They will review the bill and decide whether it moves to the second stage. The second stage allows amendments to the bill and allows the bill to be scrutinized by the committee and member. If the bill passes this stage then the third stage involves a member vote. If a majority of the members vote for the bill then the bill will be passed and presented to the Queen to receive a Royal Assent. The bill is now law. Common Law has a major role in Scots law today and it draws on four separate elements. Common Law is often referred to as the ‘Unwritten Law’ or ‘Historical Law’. This unwritten law has developed over centuries and draws from different sources. 1. Common law is based on Equity. Equity is the process of allowing judges to apply fairness or justice when there is no legislation to refer to. They must base these decisions on fairness and equality for all. When the judge follows this process of Equity he/she is actually making the law. This is called Precedent and we will talk about this in more detail in point 4. 2. Common law is also based on Institutional Writing. Centuries ago men of a higher class would finish their schooling in the various cities of Europe. These men would learn the laws of other countries and on their return to their estates in the UK would write about these laws and use them to govern their own estates. Institutional Writings no longer hold the authority as days gone by as Government Legislation and Judicial Precedent are supreme and overrule Institutional writings if they are based on similar cases. 3. Common Law is also based on Custom. Custom is when over a long period of time a particular habit is recognized by the people or social grouping. An example of this would be ‘common law husband’ where the couple are not in fact married but have lived as such so therefore the man would be entitled to the same rights as a legal husband. 4. The most important piece of common law in the courts today is Judicial Precedent. Judicial Precedent is where a judge or jury has no other legislation or act of parliament to decide a particular dispute and any decision they make will be followed in the future for any other similar disputes. A precedent can only be superseded by a higher court, government legislation or act of  parliament. Judicial Precedent tries to keep the law stable. Consistency through the court system is vital when trying to uphold the virtues of Fairness and Equality. The four key institutions of the European Union are the Council of Ministers, European Parliament, European Court of Justice and the European Commission. Each of these institutions has a representative from each member nation to allow a voice from each of the member states. The European Commission along with the Council of Ministers can change and amend laws within the European states. The Commission, unlike The Council of Ministers, has the power to change Regulations and issue Directives (these are orders passed by the European Commission or The Council of Ministers to ensure legislation is implemented within all the member states). If a state, company or persons break or do not comply with European law then it is the European Commission who will raise a court action against those who are not complying. The Council of Ministers is the legislative body of the EU. They are head of decision making and law/regulation introduction in the EU. They are the most powerful of all the institutions in Europe. Although the Council has the highest power there are still areas of legislation that the Council cannot pass with the advisory input of the European Parliament. The European Parliament is to advise and make recommendations to the Council of Ministers in various areas of legislation. They will review any piece of legislation or directive and give their opinions on the matter. If the Commission does not implement the recommendations of the Parliament then they must advise why they have not done so. The Parliament cannot change, implement or make European law and are there solely as an advisory Parliament. The European Court of Justice is the highest court within the European states on Community law (laws that have been issued by the Commission or Council of Ministers). If a state, company or persons fail to abide by the regulations  and directives issued by the Commission then it is the Court of Justice responsibility to ensure the law is observed. The Commission will initiate the proceedings and allow the member state an opportunity to defend itself against the complaint. If that process does not result in the breach being rectified the action will then go to the Courts of Justice. There are two main types of European Legislation. They are Directive Regulation. 1. Directive legislation allows the European Commission to give a timescale for a piece to legislation to be introduced. Directives are issued to ensure that law is common throughout the European Countries. They keep the peoples equality to fairness and equality protected throughout the member states. If a country does not adhere to these directives sanctions can be issued. 2. Regulation Legislation is required in an emergency situation or crisis. They must be acted upon immediately by the state that the order is against. An example of this would be the BSE crisis in the 90’s when an immediate ban was put on the importing and exporting of beef from the UK. All member states had to adhere to this regulation to ensure that British beef stocks did not contaminate the other member states beef stock.